The Three Rs: The Way Forward

The three Rs: the way forward.

Laws that mandate replacement alternatives, reduction alternatives, and refinement alternatives (the Three Rs) in scientific research have been passed in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, the United States, and the European Union over the past decade. Full implementation of this newly developed legislation depends upon scientists' ability to understand animal welfare issues and to a...

The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11.

Michael Balls, Alan M. Goldberg, Julia H. Fentem, Caren L. Broadhead, Rex L. Burch, Michael F.W. Festing. John M. Frazier, Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen, Margaret Jennings, Margot D.O. van der Kamp, David B. Morton, Andrew N. Rowan, Claire Russell, William M.S. Russell, Horst Spielmann, Martin L. Stephens, William S. Stokes, Donald W. Straughan, James D. Yager, 18 Joanne Zurlo and Bert F.M. van Zutphen

health scope in iran: the way forward

The Three Rs

The term “the three Rs” in science refers to replacement, reduction, and refinement, a set of guiding principles for more humane use of animals in research and testing: replacement of animals with nonsentient alternatives; reduction of the number of animals used to the minimum consistent with achieving the scientific objectives; and refinement of scientific procedures and husbandry to minimize ...

The Way Forward Is the Way Back

“T viewer should see the object as I saw it, but with a lot of room for his own interpretation....The painting is like a very clear mirror which is barely visible but unmistakably there,” reflects Spanish painter Antonio López García (b. 1936) (1). “I am nostalgic for an art of our times in which a greater number of people can participate” (1). Part of a contemporary movement rooted in the trad...